Evidence of Validity and Reliability for the Spanish Version of the Self-Identified Stage of Recovery.

BACKGROUND: The Self-Identified Stage of Recovery (SISR) () is a scale used to assess both the stage of recovery (SISR-A) and the components of the process of personal recovery (SISR-B). This study aimed to develop the Spanish version of the SISR and obtain evidence of validity and reliability in a sample of 230 users of community mental health services. METHOD: The Spanish version of the SISR was developed following the translation-back translation procedure, with the support of a committee of experienced experts. The SISR was examined in terms of dimensional structure, internal consistency, relationships with other variables (i.e., the Maryland Recovery Assessment Scale [MARS-12] and the Dispositional Hope Scale [DHS]), and temporal stability ( = 66). Differential item functioning (DIF) by gender was analysed. RESULTS: The study confirmed the unidimensionality of the SISR-B and suitable internal consistency of its scores (ω = .83, α = .83). Scores from both SISR-A and SISR-B showed good temporal stability and the SISR-B displayed strong correlations with the MARS-12 ( = .78) and the DHS ( = .67). No DIF was found. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the validity and reliability of the scores of the Spanish version of the SISR.

Testing the latent structure, factorial equivalence, and external correlates of the brief self-control scale in a community sample of Spanish adults.

The Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) is a 13-item personality measure capturing how people differ in their capacity to exert self-control. Although the BSCS was originally regarded as a one-dimensional scale, subsequent psychometric studies have provided support for the empirical distinction of two and four interrelated but distinct components of self-control. Using a large sample of Spanish adults (n = 1,558; 914 female, 58.7%), we performed a comprehensive data-driven comparison of the most well-established item-level latent structures for the BSCS. Results showed that the differentiation between general self-discipline and impulse control offered a better fit to the observed data than did the unidimensional representation of self-control. This two-dimensional structure for the BSCS scores was also supported in terms of its internal consistency, measurement invariance across gender and age groups, and meaningful correlations with wellbeing-related indicators and Big Five personality traits. Plausible implications of these findings are discussed.

Relationship between emotional awareness, symptoms, and protective factors in children exposed to intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to analyze the associations between emotional awareness (EA) and internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and mood states in children ages 8-12 who were previously exposed to intimate partner violence (EIPV). The study also aimed to explore the association between EA and external and internal protective factors of resilience. METHOD: A descriptive design study was used; participants were 61 children (M = 10 years, 52.5% girls) who were EIPV patients from three Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centers in the Barcelona metropolitan area, Spain. The hypotheses of this study were that (a) an increased capacity for EA would be associated with less severity of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children EIPV and (b) an increased capacity for EA would correlate with greater resilience. RESULTS: Lower EA was found to be associated with more symptoms, specifically trait anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, total externalizing and internalizing symptoms, and increased feelings of anger and sadness. Greater EA was linked to improved social skills, higher self-esteem, empathy, humor, and both external and internal resilience, as well as with reduced aggressiveness/antisocial behavior and loneliness/social anxiety. The variables that best explained the EA factors were trait anxiety, dysphoria, problem attention, sadness, humor, self-esteem, internal and external protective factors, appropriate social skills, and friendship. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the relevance of EA for children EIPV. Lower EA was associated with higher symptom severity, while higher EA was linked to better self-esteem, social skills, and resilience. The findings suggest the significance of addressing EA in therapeutic interventions for this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Development and validation of a short version of the questionnaire of stressful life events (QSLE).

Stressful life events (SLE) tend to occur before the onset of psychosis, this highlights the importance of its detection and evaluation in these patients. The need to have instruments that assess SLE easily and quickly underpins the objective of this study, which is to validate a short version of the questionnaire of stressful life events (QSLE). 124 patients with first-episode psychosis and 218 healthy controls aged between 11 and 52 years were recruited. The QSLE scale underwent discrimination analysis, which revealed 18 items had good SLEs discriminability between the two samples. These 18 items were then used to create the shorter QSLE-SV. The QSLE-SV showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.749). An AUC of 0.830 was observed, suggesting that the predictor was good. Using 2 as the cut-off score to predict an individual as a patient would yield a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 51.6%, and using a cut-off point of 3, the sensitivity was 77.4% and the specificity was 72.5%. QSLE-SV displayed satisfactory psychometric properties in a Spanish population. The QSLE-SV allows for investigating childhood, adolescent and adult life events by measuring current stress and age on a continuous scale in a quick and easy way.

Breastfeeding and the quality of the sibling relationship.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the type of breastfeeding practiced and the quality of the sibling relationship. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHOD: Participants were recruited between July and December 2019 through parenting associations and parenting support groups. They comprised a total of 149 mothers with two children between 2 and 7 years of age, who had practiced the same type of feeding with both children. Sibling relationship quality was assessed using the conflict/rivalry and warmth dimensions of the Parents' Expectations and Perceptions of Sibling Relationships with their Children (PEPC-SRQ) questionnaire. Analyses of covariance were used to identify any differences in these two dimensions of the PEPC-SRQ between the study groups (formula feeding, breastfeeding, non-prolonged breastfeeding, prolonged breastfeeding and tandem breastfeeding). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between any of the groups regarding the conflict/rivalry dimension; in contrast, significant differences were found in the warmth dimension between the breastfeeding and formula feeding groups. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding, regardless of its duration and simultaneity, was associated with higher scores in the dimension of warmth of the sibling relationship. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This information should be considered by healthcare professionals when providing advice on breastfeeding.

Symptoms and functioning: a content analysis of the PANSS under the ICF framework.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to compare the content of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) with that of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and to examine the extent to which PANSS items are represented in the ICF Core Sets (ICF-CS) for schizophrenia. METHODS: The 30 items of the PANSS were linked to the ICF using established rules by two health professionals experienced in applying the ICF conceptual framework. RESULTS: PANSS items were linked to 42 unique ICF categories, corresponding mainly to the Body functions component; categories b160 Thought functions and b152 Emotional functions from this component were the most frequently linked. Regarding the Activities and participation component, the second-level category d720 Complex interpersonal interactions was the most frequently linked to PANSS items. Overall, PANSS items covered 18% and 40% of the categories included, respectively, in the Comprehensive and Brief versions of the ICF-CSs for schizophrenia. No PANSS items were linked to categories from the Body structures or Environmental factors components. CONCLUSIONS: The PANSS broadly covers the content of the ICF, especially as regards mental and movement-related functions, although it also covers some aspects of interpersonal relationships.

Recovery-oriented Care in Public Mental Health Policies in Spain: Opportunities and Barriers / La atención orientada a la recuperación en las políticas públicas de salud mental en España: oportunidades y barreras

Recovery-oriented care is the proposal incorporated in the new mental health strategic plans of both the World Health Organization and the Spanish National Health System. This article takes a journey from the initial proposals of the recovery model to the way recovery-oriented care is currently defined, understood as a community intervention, person-centred, and based on rights. The existing consensus around the CHIME model is also explained in order to understand what kind of interventions are needed to transform mental health services. Likewise, some of the main existing programs and projects to promote recovery-oriented care are presented, and a number of existing barriers to their implementation are analysed. (AU)

La atención orientada a la recuperación es la propuesta incorporada en los nuevos planes estratégicos de salud mental tanto de la Organización Mundial de la Salud como del Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Este artículo hace un recorrido desde las propuestas iniciales del modelo de recuperación hasta la forma en que se define actualmente la atención orientada a la recuperación, entendida como una intervención comunitaria, centrada en la persona y basada en derechos. También se explica el consenso existente en torno al modelo CHIME para comprender qué tipo de intervenciones se necesitan para transformar los servicios de salud mental. Asimismo, se presentan algunos de los principales programas y proyectos existentes para promover la atención orientada a la recuperación y se analizan ciertas barreras existentes para su implementación. (AU)

Breastfeeding and maternal attachment: The moderating roles of maternal stress and child behavior.

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of breastfeeding on maternal attachment, and explored the moderating role of maternal stress and child behavior in this relationship, in a sample of Spanish mothers with children aged between 2 and 7 years. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 432 mothers participated in a cross-sectional online survey. A three-way interaction model was used to test the moderating role of maternal stress and child behavioral problems in the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal attachment. RESULTS: The full model accounted for 19% of the variance of maternal attachment. Breastfeeding was significantly associated with mother-rated attachment, and the moderated moderation analysis confirmed the moderating effects of maternal stress and child behavior on the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal attachment. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the existing literature that supports the contribution that breastfeeding makes in enhancing maternal attachment, and may help to clarify the role of breastfeeding in shaping maternal attachment. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is a factor in enhancing maternal attachment, and also identify maternal stress and child behavior as moderators of this relationship. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the mechanisms by which breastfeeding affects maternal attachment will help generate recommendations to improve breastfeeding and maternal attachment.

Spanish validation of the pure procrastination scale: dimensional structure, internal consistency, temporal stability, gender invariance, and relationships with personality and satisfaction with life.

The objective of the current study was to adapt and validate the pure procrastination scale (PPS) for the Spanish adult population. Procrastination can have numerous consequences in daily life, making it essential to have reliable and valid instruments for measuring procrastination. Thus, this study was conducted to address this need. The sample consisted of 596 adults aged 18-83 years (M = 35.25, SD = 13.75). In addition to the PPS, participants completed two procrastination measures, namely the irrational procrastination scale and the decisional procrastination questionnaire, alongside the Big Five inventory and the satisfaction with life scale. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure of the PPS. The examination of the reliability of scores in terms of internal consistency and temporal stability showed satisfactory results for the PPS scores. Moreover, gender invariance was observed at the scalar level. Finally, the PPS scores correlated with other measures of procrastination, personality traits, and satisfaction with life in the expected direction and magnitude. In conclusion, the Spanish PPS offers valid and reliable scores when administered to adult population.

Effectiveness of a recovery workshop implemented in community mental health services in Catalonia (Spain): study protocol for a non-randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Many countries today are undergoing a paradigm shift in mental health policies towards a recovery-oriented and rights-based approach. From this perspective, self-determination and self-management are fundamental factors for recovery. Despite this shift, there is still a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of training programmes aimed at promoting self-determination and self-management in recovery processes implemented in southern European or Spanish-speaking countries. The aim of this paper is to present a study protocol that evaluates the effectiveness of a 12-session recovery workshop implemented in community mental health services in Catalonia (Spain). METHODS/DESIGN: This is a 12-week follow-up multi-centre non-randomized controlled trial design. At least 160 users will be recruited from 13 Community Rehabilitation Services (CRS) in Catalonia. Eligible participants are adult (≥ 18 years old) users of a CRS, who sign a written consent to participate. The experimental group participates in a recovery workshop, in which people learn to develop and implement their own plan of personal recovery, which includes a Wellness Toolbox, a Maintenance Toolkit, a Personal Growth Plan, a Mirror of Relapses, a Crisis Plan, and a Learning Agenda. The control group participates in the usual activities of the CRS. Data is collected using a questionnaire of sociodemographic characteristics, personal recovery, empowerment, hope and perceived social support. The users' measurements are taken at the baseline and one week after the end of the workshop. The primary outcome measures include the Self-Identified Stage of Recovery and the Maryland Assessment of Recovery in Serious Mental Illness Scale (short version). The secondary outcome measures include the Netherlands Empowerment List, Dispositional Hope Scale, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Descriptive statistics for characterizing the sample size will be performed. Multivariate analyses for repeated measures designs will be used to evaluate the primary and secondary outcomes. Between-group and within-subject comparisons will be conducted. DISCUSSION: The results of the study will provide information on the usefulness of recovery workshops in a Mediterranean cultural context. Additionally, if this workshop is effective, it will be proposed for inclusion within the portfolio of community mental health services in Catalonia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN11695542 (Registration date: 5 July 2022).

Heterogeneity in Response to MCT and Psychoeducation: A Feasibility Study Using Latent Class Mixed Models in First-Episode Psychosis.

Metacognitive training (MCT) is an effective treatment for psychosis. Longitudinal trajectories of treatment response are unknown but could point to strategies to maximize treatment efficacy during the first episodes. This work aims to explore the possible benefit of using latent class mixed models (LCMMs) to understand how treatment response differs between metacognitive training and psychoeducation. We conducted LCMMs in 28 patients that received MCT and 34 patients that received psychoeducation. We found that MCT is effective in improving cognitive insight in all patients but that these effects wane at follow-up. In contrast, psychoeducation does not improve cognitive insight, and may increase self-certainty in a group of patients. These results suggest that LCMMs are valuable tools that can aid in treatment prescription and in predicting response to specific treatments.

Proposing Necessary but Not Sufficient Conditions Analysis as a Complement of Traditional Effect Size Measures with an Illustrative Example.

Even though classic effect size measures (e.g., Pearson's r, Cohen's d) are widely applied in social sciences, the threshold used to interpret them is somewhat arbitrary. This study proposes necessary condition analysis (NCA) to complement traditional methods. We explain NCA in light of the current limitations of classical techniques, highlighting the advantages in terms of interpretation and translation into practical terms and recognizing its weaknesses. To do so, we provide an example by testing the link between three independent variables with a relevant outcome in a sample of 235 subjects. The traditional Pearson's coefficient was obtained, and NCA was used to test if any of the predictors were necessary but not sufficient conditions. Our study also obtains outcome and condition inefficiency as well as NCA bottlenecks. Comparison and interpretation of the traditional and NCA results were made considering recommendations. We suggest that NCA can complement correlation analyses by adding valuable and applicable information, such as if a variable is needed to achieve a certain outcome level and to what degree.

Network Analysis of the Brief ICF Core Set for Schizophrenia.

Background: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Core Sets (ICF-CSs) for schizophrenia are a set of categories for assessing functioning in persons with this health condition. This study aimed to: a) estimate the network structure of the Brief ICF-CS for schizophrenia, b) examine the community structure (categories strongly clustered together) underlying this network, and c) identify the most central categories within this network. Methods: A total of 638 health professionals from different backgrounds and with a significant role in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia participated in a series of Delphi studies. Based on their responses we used the Ising model to estimate the network structure of the 25-category Brief ICF-CS, and then estimated the degree of centrality for all categories. Finally, the community structure was detected using the walktrap algorithm. Results: The resulting network revealed strong associations between individual categories within components of the ICF (i.e., Body functions, Activities and participation, and Environmental factors). The results also showed three distinct clusters of categories corresponding to the same three components. The categories e410 Individual attitudes of immediate family members, e450 Individual attitudes of health professionals, d910 Community life, and d175 Solving problems were among the most central categories in the Brief ICF-CS network. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the utility of a network approach for estimating the structure of the ICF-CSs. Implications of these results for clinical interventions and development of new instruments are discussed.

Is Social Media a New Type of Social Support? Social Media Use in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Study.

This study examines Spanish adults' social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic using mixed-methods to assess and understand frequency, context, and changes in social media use during two critical time points in Spain. We conducted semi-structured interviews in April 2020, and two waves of surveys (April 2020, April 2021) among Spanish adults. We coded and analyzed qualitative data related to social media use during the first lockdown period in Spain using Dedoose software; and ran descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to assess changes in social media use over the two survey waves related to perceived social support and loneliness. Participants ranged in age from 18-92 and were representative of the Spanish population's sociodemographics. Interview data show that WhatsApp was most commonly used, and that social media allowed for social support and engaging in healthy behaviors. Survey data show that women and individuals aged 18-34 had the greatest increases in social media use. Statistically significant associations were found between social support and loneliness with social media use. Our results show that promoting social media use as an emotional resource for social support in times of crisis or isolation can minimize loneliness and can be a beneficial tool for general worldwide crises.

The psychometric properties of the parenting scale for Spanish mothers with children aged between 2 and 7 years.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parenting Scale in a large sample of Spanish mothers. DESIGN AND METHODS: A two-stage cross-sectional study of the adaptation and cultural validation of the Parenting Scale in a Spanish-speaking environment. In Stage I, the Parenting Scale was translated and back-translated and its semantic, linguistic and contextual equivalence was assessed. In Stage II, the Spanish-language version was validated after its application to 662 Spanish mothers with healthy children aged between 2 and 7 years. Several factor structure models of the Parenting Scale were compared by confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also examined. RESULTS: The model of Irvine et al. (1999) presented the best fit to our data. This model demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency and stability). The total score and each factor of the Parenting Scale correlated positively with perceived stress in mothers, difficulties in mother-child bonding and child hyperactivity, and negatively with child prosocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Parenting Scale is a valid and reliable measure that can be used by healthcare professionals and scientists to assess dysfunctional parenting in Spanish mothers of children aged 2 to 7 years. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study will allow the use of the Parenting Scale in epidemiological and cross-cultural studies in a variety of applied contexts. Additionally, health professionals who work with families in Spain will have access to a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of mothers' parenting styles.

Differential Item Functioning in the WHODAS 2.0 Scale in Schizophrenia: An Application of the Rasch Trees Method Based on Demographic and Clinical Covariates.

Identifying disability score differences in people with schizophrenia according to sociodemographic and clinical variables can help design better rehabilitation or care programs, but in order to compare the scores, it is necessary to confirm the measurement invariance. This study analyses differential item functioning (DIF) in the WHODAS 2.0 (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule) by applying two procedures based on Rasch trees (TREE-PCM and PCM-IFT). A total of 352 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder aged between 18 and 55 years took part. Sociodemographic (gender, age, marital status, and education) and clinical (depressive symptomatology, and presence of positive and negative symptoms) covariates were analysed in each of the WHODAS 2.0 domains. The TREE-PCM did not detect DIF, while with PCM-IFT an item with DIF was detected for the age variable. Although the findings suggest that only one item presents DIF, this refers to important issues when assessing functioning in patients with schizophrenia and should be reviewed.

Qué significa la recuperación para las personas usuarias de servicios de salud mental en Catalunya / What recovery means for mental health services users in Catalonia

En este estudio exploramos el significado del concepto de recuperación desde la perspectiva de las personas usuarias de servicios de salud mental en Cataluña. Realizamos cinco grupos focales para recopilar los datos, y utilizamos la teoría fundamentada para el análisis. Identificamos on-ce temas o tópicos en torno a los cuales los participantes organizaron sus argumentos. La ma-nera como las personas entienden la recuperación está vinculada al marco conceptual del que derivan sus ideas: el modelo biomédico o el paradigma de la recuperación. Algunos de estos temas coinciden con el modelo CHIME, propio del marco internacional de las políticas públicas orientadas a la recuperación. Los tópicos o temas que se corresponden con supuestos del mode-lo biomédico generaron perspectivas en conflicto y contraargumentaciones. Participar en espa-cios de apoyo mutuo y activismo de salud mental parece favorecer la incorporación del marco conceptual del paradigma de la recuperación. (AU)

In this study we explored the meaning of the recovery concept from the perspective of users of mental health services in Catalonia. We conducted five focus groups to collect the data, and we used grounded theory for the analysis. We identify eleven themes or topics around which participants organized their arguments. How people understand recovery are linked to the conceptual framework from which their ideas are derived: the biomedical model or the recovery paradigm. Some of these issues coincided with the CHIME model of the international framework of recovery-oriented public policies. The topics or themes which correspond toas-sumptions of the biomedical model generated conflicting perspectives and counterarguments. Participating in spaces for mutual support and mental health activism seems to promote the incorporation of the conceptual framework of the recovery paradigm. (AU)

Psychometric Validation of the Spanish Gaming Disorder Test (GDT): Item Response Theory and Measurement Invariance Analysis.

Gaming Disorder (GD) has been recently added to the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO), as such, psychometrically sound psychological measures are required to assess this disorder. The objective of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Spanish Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) by assessing its dimensionality, reliability, convergent validity, and associations with other variables of importance through polytomous Item Response Theory (IRT) and Measurement Invariance (MI) analysis across genders. To achieve this, a sample of 538 gamers (42.94% female, meanage = 23.29 years, SD = 7.24) was recruited. The results obtained supported a one-factor structure for the Spanish GDT with adequate reliability and convergent validity. Furthermore, satisfactory goodness of fit in the partial credit model (PCM) with more precise scores at high trait levels to assess GD was found, and strict invariance across genders was supported. These findings attest to the suitability of the Spanish GDT for clinical assessment and research on disordered gaming beyond community samples. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-021-00704-x.

Functioning Problems in Persons with Schizophrenia in the Russian Context.

Assessing functionality in schizophrenia from a biopsychosocial perspective is essential to generate treatments that respond to the needs of the individual in his/her context. This research aims to assess the prevalence of functioning problems and their association with socio-demographic and clinical variables in a sample of Russian individuals with schizophrenia, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health as a framework. An empirical cross-sectional study assessed the functioning of 40 individuals with schizophrenia using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Core Set for schizophrenia. For the Body functions component, the highest prevalence of problems was found in b144 Memory functions (75%) and b140 Attention functions (70%). In the Activities and participation component, the greatest limitations were in d770 Intimate relationships (79.3%) and d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands (82.5%). In the Environmental factors, the most frequent problems were in e110 Products or substances for personal consumption (25%) and e460 Societal attitudes (22.5%); when scored as facilitators, the highest rated categories were e125 Products and technology for communication (100%) and e165 Assets (100%). These results may guide the design of specific treatments for these individuals and serve as a starting point for further studies in similar contexts and in other regions in Russia.

An Integrated Account of Expert Perspectives on Functioning in Schizophrenia.

An integrated and interdisciplinary care system for individuals with schizophrenia is essential, which implies the need for a tool that assesses the difficulties and contextual factors of relevance to their functioning, and facilitates coordinated working across the different professions involved in their care. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Sets (ICF-CS) cover these requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the content validity of the ICF-CSs for schizophrenia from the perspective of experts. Six three-round Delphi studies were conducted with expert panels from different professional backgrounds which have played a significant role in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia (psychiatry, psychology, nursing, occupational therapy, social work and physiotherapy). In total, 790 experts from 85 different countries participated in the first round. In total, 90 ICF categories and 28 Personal factors reached expert consensus (reached consensus from four or more professional perspectives). All the categories in the brief version of the ICF-CS for schizophrenia reached consensus from all the professional perspectives considered. As for the comprehensive version, 89.7% of its categories reached expert consensus. The results support the worldwide content validity of the ICF-CSs for schizophrenia from an expert perspective and underline the importance of assessing functioning by considering all the components implied.